Chapter 1: Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water in Plants
- Osmosis and its importance in plants
- Root pressure
- Transpiration pull and cohesion-tension theory
- Mechanism of water transport in xylem
- Mineral Nutrition
- Essential minerals required by plants
- Macronutrients and micronutrients
- Mineral uptake and transport
- Nitrogen metabolism
- Phloem Transport
- Mechanism of phloem transport (Pressure flow hypothesis)
- Source-sink relationship
Chapter 2: Structural Organisation in Animals
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial tissue: types and functions
- Connective tissue: types (loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood)
- Muscular tissue: types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
- Nervous tissue: structure and function
- Organ Systems
- Brief overview of organ systems in animals
- Organization of systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, etc.
Chapter 3: Human Digestion and Absorption
- Digestive System Overview
- Structure and function of human digestive system
- Parts of the digestive system: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, and Anus
- Digestion of Food
- Enzymes involved in digestion (e.g., amylase, pepsin, lipase)
- Mechanism of digestion in various parts (oral cavity, stomach, small intestine)
- Absorption of Nutrients
- Structure of villi and microvilli
- Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Role of enzymes and transport mechanisms in absorption
Chapter 4: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Human Respiratory System
- Anatomy of the respiratory system (Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs)
- Mechanism of breathing (Inhalation, Exhalation)
- Exchange of Gases
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport
- Mechanism of gas exchange in alveoli
- Regulation of Breathing
- Role of respiratory center in brain (medulla oblongata)
- Chemical regulation (carotid and aortic bodies)
Chapter 5: Body Fluids and Circulation
- Blood and Its Components
- Blood composition: Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets
- Function of blood: Transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
- Blood clotting and coagulation process
- Human Circulatory System
- Structure of heart and blood vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)
- Blood flow through the heart (Systemic and pulmonary circulation)
- Heartbeat and cardiac cycle
- Lymphatic System
- Role and structure of lymph
- Function of lymphatic system in immunity and fluid balance
Chapter 6: Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Excretory System Overview
- Structure of human excretory system (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra)
- Nephron: structure and function
- Formation of Urine
- Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
- Mechanism of urine formation in nephron (Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion)
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Role of hormones (ADH, Aldosterone) in regulating water and salt balance
Chapter 7: Locomotion and Movement
- Human Skeleton
- Structure of bones and joints
- Types of joints (hinge, ball-and-socket, etc.)
- Bone formation and functions
- Muscle Contraction
- Types of muscles: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
- Mechanism of muscle contraction (Sliding filament theory)
- Role of ATP in muscle contraction
- Movement Mechanisms
- Types of movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
- Role of muscles and bones in movement
Chapter 8: Neural Control and Coordination
- Structure of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves and ganglia
- Structure and function of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons)
- Neurotransmission
- Structure of synapses
- Mechanism of impulse transmission across synapses
- Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
- Types of reflexes (simple, conditioned)
- Components of the reflex arc
- Brain and Its Functions
- Structure and functions of different parts of the brain (Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata)
- Role of hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system in emotion, temperature regulation, etc.
Chapter 9: Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Endocrine System
- Structure and function of endocrine glands (Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, etc.)
- Hormonal regulation of metabolism, growth, and development
- Hormonal Control of Physiological Functions
- Role of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, thyroxine, and other hormones
- Feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation (positive and negative feedback)
- Human Reproductive System
- Male and Female reproductive organs and their functions
- Menstrual cycle and hormonal control
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