The Structure of Atom explains how atoms are built and how electrons are arranged.
1. Discovery of Subatomic Particles
- Electron – J.J. Thomson
- Proton – Goldstein
- Neutron – James Chadwick
2. Atomic Models
- Thomson’s Model – Plum pudding model
- Rutherford’s Model – Nuclear model
- Bohr’s Model – Quantized orbits (important)
- Quantum Mechanical Model – Modern atomic theory
3. Atomic Number & Mass Number
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
- Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons
4. Electronic Configuration
- Distribution of electrons in shells (K, L, M, N)
- 2n² rule
- Valence electrons
5. Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones
- Isotopes – Same Z, different A
- Isobars – Same A, different Z
- Isotones – Same number of neutrons
🔹 Units and Measurements – Key Points
This chapter is the foundation of Physics, used in all calculations.
1. Physical Quantities
- Fundamental quantities – Length, Mass, Time
- Derived quantities – Velocity, Force, Density
2. SI Units
- Length – metre (m)
- Mass – kilogram (kg)
- Time – second (s)
- Electric current – ampere (A)
- Temperature – kelvin (K)
- Amount of substance – mole (mol)
- Luminous intensity – candela (cd)
3. Measurement of Length
- Vernier Calipers
- Screw Gauge
4. Errors in Measurement
- Absolute error
- Mean error
- Relative error
- Percentage error
5. Significant Figures
- Rules for counting significant figures
- Rounding off numbers
6. Dimensions & Dimensional Analysis
- Dimensional formula
- Checking correctness of equations
- Converting units
✅ Exam Tip:
👉 Units & Measurements is highly scoring and used in numericals.
👉 Structure of Atom is concept-based and important for Chemistry + Physics
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